汇总列表：
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】汇总贴 & DAY I 主谓一致
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二期——情态动词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三期——冠词、数词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第四期——虚拟语气
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第五期——倒装
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第六期——从句
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第七期——名词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第八期——代词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第九期——动词的时态
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十期——连词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十一期——动词、动词语态
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十二期——动词不定式、分词、动名词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十三期——独立主格、特殊词
前言：
名词，貌似没啥讲的哈？
呵呵 千万要小心 不要阴沟里翻船
这个看似是最基础最简单的一个语言部分
但是正是因为它太基础了 而且很广
从小就没有几个老师好好讲过
我们这些非英语专业的同学们，很难对这个有很明确的把握
拿我自己做例子，在去年的今天，真的只是能把“名词”和“n.”联系起来而已
要不是被saavedro好好提点了一次，真的很危险
所以，这样很不好
最基础的部分往往会最被轻视
而轻视的后果，将会是惨痛的
真正厉害的厨师不是会做满汉全席的那些，而是能把鸡蛋炒到最最美味的人
想想达芬奇画的蒙娜大婶多呢 还是画的鸡蛋多呢？
务必好好看这个，务必
by 草木也知愁
======================================================================
名 词
全文结构：
1、自测一
2、名词用法讲解
3、名词用法难点
4、自测二
======================================================================
1、自测一
填空
1.
A lot of ___________(deer) are eating grass at the foot of the hill.
2.
I think they are __________(Tom) ,not yours.
3.
How many _________ (people) are there in your family?
4.
What is the woman carrying? Some ___________(vegetable).
5.
I like reading Lu Xun’s __________ (work)
6.
The __________ (Jackson) are coming to dinner with me.
7.
How far is it from your home to your school? Not far. Just five _______ (minute) walk.
8.
Do you know how many _________ (tooth) a person has.
9.
Today is ________ (child) Day, boys and girls.
10.
The ________ (young) should be polite to the ________ (old).
单项选择
1. In autumn ______ turn yellow.
A. leaves
B. leafs
C. leaf
D. leafes
2 .Linda, I’ve bought several ________. Now let’s make the birthday cake.
A. fresh eggs
B. chocolate milk
C. frozen food
D. flour
3. They are ___________.
A. Kate and Mary mother
B. Kate and Mary’s mothers
C. Kate and Mary’s mother
D. Kate’s and Mary’s mothers
4. The teacher from American gave us ________ on how to learn English well.
A. an advice
B. some advices
C. some advice
D. a piece of advices
5. Would you like some ________? Yes, please. I’m a little thirsty.
A. bread
B. meat
C. beef
D. orange
自测一答案：
填空、1. deer 2. Tom’s 3. people 4. vegetables 5. works 6. Jacksons 7. minutes’ 8. teeth 9.Children’s 10.young; old
单项选择、1.A 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D
======================================================================
2、名词用法讲解
名词可以分为
专有名词（Proper Nouns）
和
普通名词 (Common Nouns）。
专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。
普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。
普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun，cup，desk，student。
2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：class，team，family。
3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：rice，water，cotton，air。
4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：love，work，life。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns）；
物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。
归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：
| 名
词
|
| 专有名词
|
| 普通名词
|
| 个体名词
|
| 可数名词
|
| 集体名词
|
| 物质名词
|
| 不可数名词
|
| 抽象名词
|
1 名词复数的规则变化
| 情况
|
| 构成方法
|
| 读音
|
| 例词
|
| 一般情况
|
| 加 -s
|
| 1.清辅音后读/s/;
2.浊辅音和元音后
读 /z/;
|
| map-maps
bag-bags
car-cars
|
| 以s,sh,ch,
x等结尾的词
|
|
加 -es
|
|
读 /iz/
|
|
bus-buses
watch-watches
|
| 以ce,se,ze,
(d)ge等结尾
的词
|
|
加 –s
|
|
读 /iz/
|
|
license-licenses
|
| 以辅音字母+y
结尾的词
|
| 变y 为i
再加es
|
|
读 /z/
|
|
baby---babies
|
2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：
如： two Marys
the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较：
层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos
piano---pianos
radio---radios
zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 均可,如： handkerchief:
handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
3 名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children
foot---feet
tooth---teeth
mouse---mice
man---men woman---women
注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
如： an Englishman, two Englishmen.但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2）单复同形 如：
deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese
li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。
如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说 a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。
如： The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a. maths, politics, physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes
若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
6）
另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼
4 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
比较： Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)
These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。
This factory produces steel. (不可数)
We need various steels. (可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。
Our country is famous for tea.
我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please.
请来两杯茶。
2）
抽象名词有时也可数。
four freedoms 四大自由
the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
如：
a glass of water 一杯水
a piece of advice 一条建议
5 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。
如：sports meeting 运动会
students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌
the foreign languages department 外语系
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如：men workers women teachers
gentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。
如：goods train (货车)
arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件
clothes brush衣刷
4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如：two-dozen eggs 两打/（二十四个鸡蛋)
a ten-mile walk 十里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树
a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child
6 不同国家的人的单复数
| 名称 总称(谓语用复数） 一个人 两个人
|
| the a/an two |
| 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese |
| 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen |
| 德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans |
| 澳大利亚人Australians an Australian two Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes |
7 名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1）
单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，
如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。
2）
若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加"'"，
如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3）
凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，
如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4）
在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，
如：the barber's 理发店。
5）
如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。
如：John's and Mary's room（两间） John and Mary's room（一间）
6）
复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。
如：a month or two's absence
======================================================================
3、名词用法难点
一、 关于特殊名词的具体考点如下：、
1．容易误用为复数的不可数名词：(这些名词一般不能用作复数，谓语动词用单数)
advice 建议，忠告 living 生活，生计
equipment 装备，设备 progress 前进，发展
furniture 家具，设备 scenery 风景，景色
information 通知；信息 machinery 机器，机械
knowledge 知识，学问 traffic 交通流量
baggage / luggage 行李，皮箱 trouble 烦恼，麻烦
cash 现金 thunder 雷声，轰隆声
apparatus 仪器 weather 天气，处境
clothing 衣服 work 工作，劳动
paper 纸，钞票 luck 运气，幸运
technology 工艺，技术 jewelry 珠宝
2． 复数形式的名词用于单数概念，其谓语动词用单数。(这些名词一般为表示学科或疾病的名词)
economics 经济学 measles 麻疹
physics 物理学 mumps 腮腺炎
mathematics 数学 rickets 软骨病，佝偻病
dynamics 动力学 news 新闻
The United States 美国 The New York Times 纽约时报
二、与名词相关的主谓一致关系
英语中，主语和谓语在数、性和格上应该保持一致，但在实际应用中很容易被忽视，尤其是主语和谓语之间出现插入语，故考试中经常考到主谓一致。除了以上特殊名词谓语有特殊要求外，现将主谓一致的考点归纳如下：
1． 复数原则：两个或者两个以上的名词由and连接作主语时；主语由both … and … 连接时，谓语动词用复数。
Baseball and swimming are usually summer sports.
Both bread and butter are sold in that grocery. 那个杂货店既卖面包，也卖黄油。
2． 就近原则： 由 either … or … ; neither … nor …; not only…but also…; …or …； there be …等引导的主语， 谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近动词的名词的单复数。
Not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party.
3． 就远原则：主语，＋ as well as +另一个主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于第一个主语的名词的单复数。
My mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office.
我母亲，还有我的两个哥哥都有一把办公室的钥匙。
同例：with…; together with…; along with…; including…; in addition to…; besides …; except…; as much as…; accompanied by …; rather than…等等
4． 表示时间、距离、价值、量度的复数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数。
One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor .
Twenty days have passed since I met her last time.
自从我上次见到她到现在已经过去二十天。 ( twenty days 这里不作整体看待， 故谓语动词用复数。)
5． and连接两个名词表示一个概念做主语时，谓语用单数; 若表示的是多个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。
War and peace is a constant theme in literature.
战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。(War and peace是一对概念，看作一个主题)
同例： ham and eggs n.火腿蛋 steam and bread
law and order
bread and butter
apple pie and ice cream
folk and knife
wheel and axle 轮轴
needle and thread
love and hate
egg and rice 蛋炒饭
The writer and translator is delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指同一个人)
The writer and the translator are delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指两个人)
A black and a white dog are playing in the yard. (指两只狗)
A black and white dog is playing in the yard. ( 指一只狗)
6．动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句做主语时+单数谓语
Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise.
( 指“早睡早起”一件事)
To work hard is necessary
What I said and did is of no concern to you.
Reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday. ( 注意： 指不同性质的两件事，谓语用复数 )
7． many a, more than one + 单数可数名词，尽管表示复数意义， 谓语仍用单数。
Many a student has made such a mistake.
More than one stranger agrees with me.
[注意]
在“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
More persons than one have been involved. 卷入其中的远不止一人。
8． 由 every …and every …; each … and each…; no … and no…; many a …and many a … 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me.
No difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.
9. 由 all of, most of, half of , a lot of, part of 等加名词构成的主语，谓语动词的数取决于该名词的单复数。
All of us are going to see the game.
All of his time was spent on gambling
Three-fourths of the people are illiterate.
同例： plenty of…， one fourth of…， none of…， some of …， majority of …， … percent of …， the rest of …， reminder of …。
10. a number of ( a total of , an average of ) +复数名词，谓语动词用复数。
the number of ( the total of, the average of ) + 复数名词， 谓语动词用单数。
A total of ten thousand dollars were donated last month.
The total of dollars donated last month was 100,000 dollars.
同例： a / the variety of；a / the group of
11. 定语从句的谓语动词注意与先行词保持一致，但注意the only one of… 的用法。
One of those men likes to drive fast.
One of those men who like to drive fast is her son.
He is the only one of those men who likes to drive fast.
12. 由some，any, no，every 构成的复合词如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等代词作主语，谓语动词用单数；由each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主语时，谓语动词用单数；由either, neither, each, every修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：
More than one example is necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.
Neither is satisfactory.
Is either of the singers reading now?
13. the + adj / v-ed 表示一类人时， 用复数谓语动词; 表示抽象概念时， 谓语动词用单数。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
病人得到了医治，失踪的也找回来了。
同例： the poor / dumb / innocent / guilty / unemployed / aged / oppressed / exploited…
We can do the difficult first. The impossible takes a little longer.
我们先从难题开始，不会的可能花的时间长一些。
The best is yet to come. 好戏还在后头。
14. a pair of + 由两部分物体构成的名词(如：shoes, scissors, glasses, jeans, pants, trousers)作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
My new pair of pants is being altered. 我的一条短裤正在修改。
15. 当主语被one ( a ) and a half 修饰时，谓语动词用数。
One and a half apples is left on the plate.
16. 当主语由 a series of…， a portion of …， a species of …， a kind of …， a sequence of …， a chain of…， a piece of … 加名词(单数或复数)构成时， 谓语用单数。
A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Li.
A large portion of her poems was published after her death.
======================================================================
4、自测二
1． Mr. Smith always has_____to tell us.
A. some good pieces of news
B. some pieces of good news
C. some good piece of news
D some piece of good news
2. I’m hungry. Please give me ________
A. a bread
B. some breads
C. a piece of bread D. two pieces of breads
3. _______ turn yellow in autumn.
A. Leaf
B. Leafs
C. Leave
D. Leaves
4. ----Do you know ______ man in black?
----Yes. He’s a worker of the car factory.
A. the
B. an
C. a
D.\
5. It’s a good ______ to go to the cinema.
A. advice
B. idea
C. information
D. news
6. Lucy put a lot of _____ in ______of tea.
A. sugar the two cup
B. sugars the two cups
C. sugar the two cups
D, sugars two cups
7. He had something to write down and asked me for___________.
A. a paper
B. some papers
C. some pieces of papers
D. a piece of paper
8. Father went to his doctor for ______ about his heart trouble.
A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices
9. ----What can I do for you ?
----I’d like two _____
A. box of apple
B. boxes of apples
C. box of apples
D. boxes of apple
10. Please pass me _____
A. two glass of water
B. two glasses of waters
C. two glasses of water
D, two glass water
11. I just can’t see _____in playing the game.
A. a lot of funs
B. any fun
C a fun
D many funs
12. she bought her son _____
A. two pairs of shoes
B. two pairs of shoe
C, two pair of shoe
D. two pair of shoes
13. Tables are made of ______
A. wood
B. woods
C. wooden
D. some woods
14.---Can you lend me _____ money?
----Yes, but only _____ pounds.
A. few little
B. little few C a little a few
D, a few little
15. He is a success as a leader but he hasn’t ______ in teaching.
A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot of experience
16. _____is made of ______
A. Glass the glass B. A glass glass C. Glass glass D. A glass a glass
17. There is no _____ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.
A. rooms B. a room
C. room D. seats
18. Would you like _____tea ? No, thanks. I have drunk two _______
A. any; bottles of orange
B. some; bottles of orange
C. may; bottles of oranges
D. few; bottle of oranges
19. You should do more _____. Don’t always sit at the desk busy doing your ____
A.
exercise; exercises B, exercises; exercise C. exercises; exercises D. exercise; exercise
20. What____! Where did you get them?
A. big fish
B. a big fish C a piece of big fish D. big a fish
21. Have you received ______ of his coming ?
A. a word
B. words
C, the word
D. word
22. This is a photo of my aunt when she had ______, and now she has a few ______
A. short hair; grey hair B. short hair; grey hairs
B. short hairs; grey hair D. short hairs; grey hairs
23. This table is made of ______.
A. many glass
B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass
24. Last night, there was a food accident. Ten _____ were ill, but no _____ were lost.
A. child, lives
B, children, life
C. children, lives
D. child, life
25. He likes eating _____
A. pork; tomatoes and rice
B. chickens; potatoes and breads
B. chicken; tomatos and bread
D. beef; pear and cakes
1~10答案：B C D A B
C D B B C
11~25答案：B A B C B
B C B A A
D B D C A
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