【求助】阅读机经200篇 Passage 1 and Passage 7

最近做阅读机经做得有点崩溃. 有两道题怎么也想不明白. 一、 Among many historians a belief persists that Cotton Mather's biographies of some of the settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (published 1702) are exercises in hagiography, endowing their subjects with saintly piety at the expense of historical accuracy. Yet modern studies have profited both from the breadth of information that Mather provides in, for example, his discussions of colonial medicineand from his critical observations of such leading figures as Governor John Winthrop. Mather's wry humoras demonstrated by his detailed descriptions of events such as Winthrop's efforts to prevent wood-stealingis overlooked by those charging Mather with presenting his subjects as extremely pious. The charge also obscures Mather's concern with the settlers material, not just spiritual, prosperity. Further, this pejorative view underrates the biographies value as chronicles: Mather amassed all sorts of published and unpublished documents as sources, and his selection of key events shows a marked sensitivity to the nature of the colony's development. 2. The author of the passage implies that an argument for the historical accuracy of Mather's works is most strongly supported by which of the following? A.surviving documents that corroborate Mather’s detailed descriptions of his subjects B.Mather’s firsthand personal acquaintance with those about whom he wrote C.Mather’s frank and straightforward accounts of the lives and times of people about whom he had conducted extensive research D.Mather’s ability to detail important historical events in the religious context of which they were a part E.the quantity and nature of the sources from which Mather obtained his information. The answer is E, and I wrongly chose C. But why? 二、 Although social learning (the acquisition of specific behaviors by observing other individuals exhibiting those behaviors) is well documented among fish, few studies have investigated social learning within a developmental context in these taxa. Rather than investigating the development of a particular skill, Chapman, Ward, and Krause investigated the role of group density during development in later foraging success in laboratory-housed guppies. When raised with a small number of conspecifics (members of the same species), guppies were quicker to locate food by following a trained adult guppy than were guppies raised in large groups. This counterintuitive finding is explained by the fact that guppies reared in the high-density condition were less likely to shoal (swim in a group} with others and, therefore, were less Iikely to learn the benefits of social learning. Instead, fish reared in high-density situations may learn that conspecifics are to be viewed as competitors, rather than as potential sources of adaptive information. This finding suggests that at least for guppies, the early social environment may have an effect on the capacity for social learning, if not on the socially learned behaviors themselves. 3. Which of the following can be inferred about the study by Chapman, Ward, and Krause? A. It was initially designed to investigate something other than social learning B. It required researchers to observe individual guppies at multiple points in their life spans. C. It pointed to the possibility that population density may have little to do with guppies' social learning D. It required the observation of guppies under conditions that closely mimicked E. It indicated that guppies gain adaptive information from being reared with a relatively large number of conspecifics. The right answer is D and I chose it through elimination, but where to find the support? 希望有好心版友解答...